Main Article Content
Abstract
This article presents a case study on the use of ChatGPT in teaching academic writing in Spanish philology. The study involved students at the B1/B2 level who, as part of the course, could choose between independently creating a narrative or argumentative text, or analyzing a text generated by AI. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the survey results and student work makes it possible to identify their preferences, perceived benefits and limitations of working with AI, as well as the impact of the chosen path on the development of writing skills. The article also discusses ethical and didactic issues related to the use of AI tools in language education, highlighting their potential as a complement to traditional teaching methods and as a means of fostering students’ reflection and language awareness.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Kęsek-Chyży
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References
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- Aslanyan-rad, E. (2024). The role of ChatGPT in academic learning of higher education: A comprehensive systematic review and analysis of the literature. Research Gate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11931.48162
- Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (Eds.). (1987). The psychology of written composition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates / Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203812310
- Bhullar, P. S., Joshi, M., & Chugh, R. (2024). ChatGPT in higher education – a synthesis of the literature and a future research agenda. Education and Information Technologies, 29(16), 21501–21522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12723-x
- Cassany, D. (1995). La cocina de la escritura. Anagrama.
- Davoodifard, M. (2022). An overview of writing process research: Using innovative tasks and techniques for a better understanding of L2 writing processes in assessment contexts. Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL, 21(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.52214/salt.v21i2.8759
- Deane, P., Odendahl, N., Quinlan, T., Fowles, M. E., Welsh, C., & Bivens-Tatum, J. (2008). Cognitive models of writing: Writing proficiency as a complex integrated skill (ETS Research Report No. RR-08-55). Educational Testing Service.
- Deep, P. D., Martirosyan, N., Ghosh, N., & Rahaman, M. S. (2025). ChatGPT in ESL higher education: Enhancing writing, engagement, and learning outcomes. Information, 16(4), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040316
- Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition and Communication, 32(4), 365–387. https://doi.org/10.2307/356600
- Godwin-Jones, R. (2019). AI in language learning: Opportunities and threats. Language Learning & Technology, 23(3), 4–11.
- Grabe, W., & Kaplan, R. B. (1996). Theory and practice of writing: An applied linguistics perspective. Longman.
- Harklau, L. (2002). The role of writing in classroom second language acquisition. Journal of Second Language Writing, 11(4), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(02)00091-7
- Hayes, J. R. (1996). The science of writing (C. M. Levy & S. Ransdell, Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Kellogg, R. T., Olive, T., & Piolat, A. (2013). Working memory in written composition: A progress report. Journal of Writing Research, 5(2), 111–136. https://www.jowr.org/jowr/article/view/690/685
- Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2023). ChatGPT for language teaching and learning. RELC Journal, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231215902
- Leki, I. (2007). Undergraduate writing in the majors: An exploratory study of L2 students. Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Mahapatra, S. (2024). Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: A mixed methods intervention study. Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 34(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9
- Mali, Y. C. G. (2025). Exploring the use of ChatGPT in EFL/ESL writing classrooms: A systematic literature review. Journal of Language and Education, 11(2), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2025.21793
- Manchón, R. M. (Ed.). (2011). Learning-to-write and writing-to-learn in an additional language. John Benjamins Publishing.
- Marszałek Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (2024). Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 30 września 2024 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o Zintegrowanym Systemie Kwalifikacji. Dziennik Ustaw, 2024, poz. 1606. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20240001606
- Minister Edukacji i Nauki. (2023). Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 14 września 2023 r. w sprawie szczegółowych kwalifikacji wymaganych od nauczycieli. Dziennik Ustaw, 2019, poz. 2102. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20230002102
- Rada Europy. (2003). Europejski system opisu kształcenia językowego: uczenie się, nauczanie, ocenianie (W. Martyniuk, Tłum). Centralny Ośrodek Doskonalenia Nauczycieli.
- Wexell-Machado, L., & Canese, V. (2023). Métodos de apropiación de la inteligencia artificial en la enseñanza de idiomas y sus consideraciones éticas. Revista de Educación y Tecnología, 15(2), 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/lengsoc.v23i2.29268
References
Aroz, A., & Cassany, D. (2025). Inteligencia artificial para aprender idiomas entre universitarios japoneses. Cuadernos CANELA, 36, 145–168.
Aslanyan-rad, E. (2024). The role of ChatGPT in academic learning of higher education: A comprehensive systematic review and analysis of the literature. Research Gate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11931.48162
Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (Eds.). (1987). The psychology of written composition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates / Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203812310
Bhullar, P. S., Joshi, M., & Chugh, R. (2024). ChatGPT in higher education – a synthesis of the literature and a future research agenda. Education and Information Technologies, 29(16), 21501–21522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12723-x
Cassany, D. (1995). La cocina de la escritura. Anagrama.
Davoodifard, M. (2022). An overview of writing process research: Using innovative tasks and techniques for a better understanding of L2 writing processes in assessment contexts. Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL, 21(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.52214/salt.v21i2.8759
Deane, P., Odendahl, N., Quinlan, T., Fowles, M. E., Welsh, C., & Bivens-Tatum, J. (2008). Cognitive models of writing: Writing proficiency as a complex integrated skill (ETS Research Report No. RR-08-55). Educational Testing Service.
Deep, P. D., Martirosyan, N., Ghosh, N., & Rahaman, M. S. (2025). ChatGPT in ESL higher education: Enhancing writing, engagement, and learning outcomes. Information, 16(4), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16040316
Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition and Communication, 32(4), 365–387. https://doi.org/10.2307/356600
Godwin-Jones, R. (2019). AI in language learning: Opportunities and threats. Language Learning & Technology, 23(3), 4–11.
Grabe, W., & Kaplan, R. B. (1996). Theory and practice of writing: An applied linguistics perspective. Longman.
Harklau, L. (2002). The role of writing in classroom second language acquisition. Journal of Second Language Writing, 11(4), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(02)00091-7
Hayes, J. R. (1996). The science of writing (C. M. Levy & S. Ransdell, Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kellogg, R. T., Olive, T., & Piolat, A. (2013). Working memory in written composition: A progress report. Journal of Writing Research, 5(2), 111–136. https://www.jowr.org/jowr/article/view/690/685
Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2023). ChatGPT for language teaching and learning. RELC Journal, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231215902
Leki, I. (2007). Undergraduate writing in the majors: An exploratory study of L2 students. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mahapatra, S. (2024). Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: A mixed methods intervention study. Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 34(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9
Mali, Y. C. G. (2025). Exploring the use of ChatGPT in EFL/ESL writing classrooms: A systematic literature review. Journal of Language and Education, 11(2), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2025.21793
Manchón, R. M. (Ed.). (2011). Learning-to-write and writing-to-learn in an additional language. John Benjamins Publishing.
Marszałek Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. (2024). Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 30 września 2024 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o Zintegrowanym Systemie Kwalifikacji. Dziennik Ustaw, 2024, poz. 1606. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20240001606
Minister Edukacji i Nauki. (2023). Rozporządzenie Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 14 września 2023 r. w sprawie szczegółowych kwalifikacji wymaganych od nauczycieli. Dziennik Ustaw, 2019, poz. 2102. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20230002102
Rada Europy. (2003). Europejski system opisu kształcenia językowego: uczenie się, nauczanie, ocenianie (W. Martyniuk, Tłum). Centralny Ośrodek Doskonalenia Nauczycieli.
Wexell-Machado, L., & Canese, V. (2023). Métodos de apropiación de la inteligencia artificial en la enseñanza de idiomas y sus consideraciones éticas. Revista de Educación y Tecnología, 15(2), 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/lengsoc.v23i2.29268