Main Article Content
Abstract
The paper contains a theoretical introduction addressing the paradigm of vulnerability – a way of thinking that might provide us with a new perspective on education. This perspective allows for an analysis of the current, diverse forms of cultural and identity wars, with a focus on the struggle for victim status. The politics of victimization is not reconstructed as a threat to stable democratic order, but as an epiphenomenon of a deeper ontological problem – the deficit of universality, especially in what is common and collectively shared. The perspective of vulnerability is treated as an alternative to other ways of constructing universalism, both within and outside of education.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Karolina Starego

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References
- Boublil, E. (2024). A critical phenomenology of vulnerability: Toward a paradigm shift? A contribution to an interdisciplinary trialogue on vulnerability. Human Studies, 47(2), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09736-3
- Brown, W. (1995). States of injury: Power and freedom in late modernity. Princeton University Press.
- Brunila, K., Rossi, L. M. (2018). Identity politics, the ethos of vulnerability, and education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 50(3), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1343115
- Butler, J. (2004). Precarious life: The powers of mourning and violence. Verso.
- Butler, J. (2011). Ramy wojny. Kiedy życie godne jest opłakiwania? Książka i Prasa.
- Butler, J. (2012). Precarious life, vulnerability, and the ethics of cohabitation. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 26(2), 134-151. https://doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.26.2.0134
- Butler, J. (2016). Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance. W: J. Butler, Z. Gambetti, L. Sabsay (red.), Vulnerability in resistance (s. 12-27). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11vc78r.6
- Carusi, T., Szkudlarek, T. (2020). Education is society… and there is no society: The ontological turn of education. Policy futures in education, 18(7), 907-921. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210320933018
- Chouliaraki, L. (2021). Victimhood: The affective politics of vulnerability. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(1), 10-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420979316
- Chouliaraki, L., Banet-Weiser, S. (2021). Introduction to special issue: The logic of victimhood. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420985846.
- Chouliaraki, L. (2024). Wronged: The weaponization of victimhood. Columbia University Press.
- Cole, A. M. (2007). The cult of true victimhood: From the war on welfare to the war on terror. Stanford University Press.
- Cole, A. (2016). All of us are vulnerable, but some are more vulnerable than others: The political ambiguity of vulnerability studies, an ambivalent critique. Critical Horizons, 17(2), 260-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14409917.2016.1153896
- Czarnecka, A. (2011). Posłowie od tłumaczki. W: J. Butler, Ramy wojny. Kiedy życie godne jest opłakiwania? (s. 273-275). Książka i Prasa.
- Daigle, C. (2023). Posthumanist Vulnerability. Bloombsbury Publishing.
- Ferrarese, E. (2017). The vulnerable and the political: on the seeming impossibility of thinking vulnerability and the political together and its consequences. W: E. Ferrarese (red.), The Politics of Vulnerability (s. 74-89). Routledge.
- Fineman, M. A. (2004). The autonomy myth. A theory of dependency. New Press.
- Fineman, M. A. (2010a). The vulnerable subject: Anchoring equality in the human condition. W: Transcending the boundaries of law (s. 177-191). Routledge-Cavendish.
- Fineman, M. A. (2010b). The vulnerable subject and the responsive state. Emory Law Journal, 60(2), Emory Public Law Research Paper No. 10-130. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1694740.
- Fineman, M. A. (2021). Universality, vulnerability, and collective responsibility. Les ateliers de l'éthique, 16(1), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.7202/1083648ar
- Fineman, M. A. (2023). The significance of understanding vulnerability: ensuring individual and collective well-being. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 36(4), 1371-1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10021-2
- Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: The demand for dignity and the politics of resentment. Farrar. Straus and Giroux.
- Gilson, E. (2013). The ethics of vulnerability: A feminist analysis of social life and practice. Routledge.
- Hekman, S. (2014). Vulnerability and ontology: Butler's ethics. Australian Feminist Studies, 29(82), 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2014.967742
- Hochschild, A. R. (2017). Obcy we własnym kraju. Gniew i żal amerykańskiej prawicy. Wydawnictwo Krytyka Polityczna.
- Horwitz, R. B. (2018). Politics as victimhood, victimhood as politics. Journal of Policy History, 30(3), 552-574. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030618000209
- Illouz E (2007) Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism. Polity.
- Li, H. L. (2017). Rethinking vulnerability in the age of Anthropocene: Toward ecologizing education. Educational Theory, 67(4), 435-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12264
- Longo, M., Lorubbio, V. (2023). Vulnerability. from the paradigmatic subject to a new paradigm of the human condition? An introduction. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 36(4), 1359-1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-09999-6
- Lopez, B. R., Madrid, N. S., Zaharijević, A. (2021). Rethinking Vulnerability and Exclusion. Springer International Publishing.
- Łangowski, M. (2016). Wulnerabilność w życiu i filozofii Emmanuela Mouniera. Studia Pelplińskie, 49, 215-228. http://studiapelplinskie.pl/attachments/article/8/2016-15%20Langowski.pdf
- Mackenzie, C. (Ed.). (2014). Vulnerability: New essays in ethics and feminist philosophy. Oxford University Press.
- Michalak, A. (2018). Wulnerabilność Doroty Masłowskiej w obliczu „syndromu drugiej powieści” jako temat Pawia królowej. Kultura Współczesna. Teoria. Interpretacje. Praktyka, 103(4), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.26112/kw.2018.103.17
- Mouffe, M. (2005). Paradoks demokracji. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej.
- Nungesser, F., Schirgi, A. (2024). Debating the vulnerability Zeitgeist: Introduction to an interdisciplinary trialogue. Human Studies, 47(2), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09742-5
- Salmela, M., Capelos, T. (2025). Collective Victimhood: The Shallow Social Bond of Ressentiment. W: L. Osler, T. Szanto (red.), For, Against, Together: Antagonistic Political Emotions. Cambridge University Press (w przygotowaniu).
- Ranciére, J. (2007). Dzielenie postrzegalnego. Estetyka i polityka. Wydawnictwo Ha!art.
- Ranciére, J. (2024). Uncertain Times. Polity Press.
- Sormunen, M. (2023). Rethinking effective remedies to the climate crisis: A vulnerability theory approach. Human Rights Review, 24(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-023-00686-4
- Stankiewicz, Ł., Starego, K. (2024). Co robić, gdy nadchodzą potwory? – Wiedza i edukacja po hegemonii. Ars Educandi, 21 (w przygotowaniu).
- Starego, K. (2024). Różnica–tożsamość–edukacja u schyłku neoliberalizmu. O potrzebie ustanowienia nowego uniwersalizmu. INSTED: Interdisciplinary Studies in Education & Society, 26(2 (96), 9-32. https://doi.org/10.34862/tce.2024.2.4
- Szkudlarek, T. (2017). On the politics of educational theory: Rhetoric, theoretical ambiguity, and the construction of socjety. Taylor & Francis.
- Świerkosz, M. (2018). Ciała podatne na zranienie. Judith Butler, samozniszczenie i radykalne akty oporu. Etyka 57, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.14394/27
- Taylor, A., Pacini-Ketchabaw, V. (2015). Learning with children, ants, and worms in the Anthropocene: Towards a common world pedagogy of multispecies vulnerability. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 23(4), 507-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2015.1039050
- Tomczok, M. (2017). Wulnerabilność. Zwierzęta, ludzie, Śląsk w twórczości Izabeli Czajki-Stachowicz i Teofila Ociepki. W: A. Grzemska, I. Iwasiów (red.), Polityki relacji w literaturze kobiet po 1945 roku (s. 43-56). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego.
- Vlieghe, J. (2007, 8 listopada). Judith Butler and corporeal vulnerability: A new perspective on the public dimension of education. Centrum voor wijsgerige pedagogiek
- K.U. Leuven. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/45169.
- Wearing, J. (2023). Ontology as a guide to politics? Judith Butler on interdependency, vulnerability, and nonviolence. Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy, 9. https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.2624
References
Boublil, E. (2024). A critical phenomenology of vulnerability: Toward a paradigm shift? A contribution to an interdisciplinary trialogue on vulnerability. Human Studies, 47(2), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09736-3
Brown, W. (1995). States of injury: Power and freedom in late modernity. Princeton University Press.
Brunila, K., Rossi, L. M. (2018). Identity politics, the ethos of vulnerability, and education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 50(3), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2017.1343115
Butler, J. (2004). Precarious life: The powers of mourning and violence. Verso.
Butler, J. (2011). Ramy wojny. Kiedy życie godne jest opłakiwania? Książka i Prasa.
Butler, J. (2012). Precarious life, vulnerability, and the ethics of cohabitation. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 26(2), 134-151. https://doi.org/10.5325/jspecphil.26.2.0134
Butler, J. (2016). Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance. W: J. Butler, Z. Gambetti, L. Sabsay (red.), Vulnerability in resistance (s. 12-27). Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11vc78r.6
Carusi, T., Szkudlarek, T. (2020). Education is society… and there is no society: The ontological turn of education. Policy futures in education, 18(7), 907-921. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210320933018
Chouliaraki, L. (2021). Victimhood: The affective politics of vulnerability. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(1), 10-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420979316
Chouliaraki, L., Banet-Weiser, S. (2021). Introduction to special issue: The logic of victimhood. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420985846.
Chouliaraki, L. (2024). Wronged: The weaponization of victimhood. Columbia University Press.
Cole, A. M. (2007). The cult of true victimhood: From the war on welfare to the war on terror. Stanford University Press.
Cole, A. (2016). All of us are vulnerable, but some are more vulnerable than others: The political ambiguity of vulnerability studies, an ambivalent critique. Critical Horizons, 17(2), 260-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14409917.2016.1153896
Czarnecka, A. (2011). Posłowie od tłumaczki. W: J. Butler, Ramy wojny. Kiedy życie godne jest opłakiwania? (s. 273-275). Książka i Prasa.
Daigle, C. (2023). Posthumanist Vulnerability. Bloombsbury Publishing.
Ferrarese, E. (2017). The vulnerable and the political: on the seeming impossibility of thinking vulnerability and the political together and its consequences. W: E. Ferrarese (red.), The Politics of Vulnerability (s. 74-89). Routledge.
Fineman, M. A. (2004). The autonomy myth. A theory of dependency. New Press.
Fineman, M. A. (2010a). The vulnerable subject: Anchoring equality in the human condition. W: Transcending the boundaries of law (s. 177-191). Routledge-Cavendish.
Fineman, M. A. (2010b). The vulnerable subject and the responsive state. Emory Law Journal, 60(2), Emory Public Law Research Paper No. 10-130. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1694740.
Fineman, M. A. (2021). Universality, vulnerability, and collective responsibility. Les ateliers de l'éthique, 16(1), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.7202/1083648ar
Fineman, M. A. (2023). The significance of understanding vulnerability: ensuring individual and collective well-being. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 36(4), 1371-1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10021-2
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: The demand for dignity and the politics of resentment. Farrar. Straus and Giroux.
Gilson, E. (2013). The ethics of vulnerability: A feminist analysis of social life and practice. Routledge.
Hekman, S. (2014). Vulnerability and ontology: Butler's ethics. Australian Feminist Studies, 29(82), 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2014.967742
Hochschild, A. R. (2017). Obcy we własnym kraju. Gniew i żal amerykańskiej prawicy. Wydawnictwo Krytyka Polityczna.
Horwitz, R. B. (2018). Politics as victimhood, victimhood as politics. Journal of Policy History, 30(3), 552-574. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0898030618000209
Illouz E (2007) Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism. Polity.
Li, H. L. (2017). Rethinking vulnerability in the age of Anthropocene: Toward ecologizing education. Educational Theory, 67(4), 435-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12264
Longo, M., Lorubbio, V. (2023). Vulnerability. from the paradigmatic subject to a new paradigm of the human condition? An introduction. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law-Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 36(4), 1359-1369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-09999-6
Lopez, B. R., Madrid, N. S., Zaharijević, A. (2021). Rethinking Vulnerability and Exclusion. Springer International Publishing.
Łangowski, M. (2016). Wulnerabilność w życiu i filozofii Emmanuela Mouniera. Studia Pelplińskie, 49, 215-228. http://studiapelplinskie.pl/attachments/article/8/2016-15%20Langowski.pdf
Mackenzie, C. (Ed.). (2014). Vulnerability: New essays in ethics and feminist philosophy. Oxford University Press.
Michalak, A. (2018). Wulnerabilność Doroty Masłowskiej w obliczu „syndromu drugiej powieści” jako temat Pawia królowej. Kultura Współczesna. Teoria. Interpretacje. Praktyka, 103(4), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.26112/kw.2018.103.17
Mouffe, M. (2005). Paradoks demokracji. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej.
Nungesser, F., Schirgi, A. (2024). Debating the vulnerability Zeitgeist: Introduction to an interdisciplinary trialogue. Human Studies, 47(2), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-024-09742-5
Salmela, M., Capelos, T. (2025). Collective Victimhood: The Shallow Social Bond of Ressentiment. W: L. Osler, T. Szanto (red.), For, Against, Together: Antagonistic Political Emotions. Cambridge University Press (w przygotowaniu).
Ranciére, J. (2007). Dzielenie postrzegalnego. Estetyka i polityka. Wydawnictwo Ha!art.
Ranciére, J. (2024). Uncertain Times. Polity Press.
Sormunen, M. (2023). Rethinking effective remedies to the climate crisis: A vulnerability theory approach. Human Rights Review, 24(2), 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-023-00686-4
Stankiewicz, Ł., Starego, K. (2024). Co robić, gdy nadchodzą potwory? – Wiedza i edukacja po hegemonii. Ars Educandi, 21 (w przygotowaniu).
Starego, K. (2024). Różnica–tożsamość–edukacja u schyłku neoliberalizmu. O potrzebie ustanowienia nowego uniwersalizmu. INSTED: Interdisciplinary Studies in Education & Society, 26(2 (96), 9-32. https://doi.org/10.34862/tce.2024.2.4
Szkudlarek, T. (2017). On the politics of educational theory: Rhetoric, theoretical ambiguity, and the construction of socjety. Taylor & Francis.
Świerkosz, M. (2018). Ciała podatne na zranienie. Judith Butler, samozniszczenie i radykalne akty oporu. Etyka 57, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.14394/27
Taylor, A., Pacini-Ketchabaw, V. (2015). Learning with children, ants, and worms in the Anthropocene: Towards a common world pedagogy of multispecies vulnerability. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 23(4), 507-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2015.1039050
Tomczok, M. (2017). Wulnerabilność. Zwierzęta, ludzie, Śląsk w twórczości Izabeli Czajki-Stachowicz i Teofila Ociepki. W: A. Grzemska, I. Iwasiów (red.), Polityki relacji w literaturze kobiet po 1945 roku (s. 43-56). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego.
Vlieghe, J. (2007, 8 listopada). Judith Butler and corporeal vulnerability: A new perspective on the public dimension of education. Centrum voor wijsgerige pedagogiek
K.U. Leuven. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/45169.
Wearing, J. (2023). Ontology as a guide to politics? Judith Butler on interdependency, vulnerability, and nonviolence. Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy, 9. https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.2624