Main Article Content
Abstract
From a sociocultural perspective of cognitive development as a dynamic social activity, this qualitative study explores the experiences of students in higher education regarding culture contact. The goal is to understand how these experiences shape their cognitive abilities, with a specific focus on the development and use of critical thinking as a higher cognitive ability, as well as how they apply critical thinking skills in a different sociocultural context. Critical thinking is presented as an ability for adult international students to navigate cultural disorientations within diverse sociocultural contexts, aiming to ultimately improve their educational outcomes (Halpern, 2013). The findings reveal that students’ interactions with diverse cultures in a different sociocultural setting shape their minds, behavior, and critical thinking abilities, leading them to adopt new and different strategies to overcome diversity.
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References
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- Brinkmann, S. (2013). Qualitative interviewing. Understanding Qualitative Research, 10(1), 5-25.
- Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinkers. Jossey-Bass.
- Brookfield, S. D. (1997). Assessing critical thinking. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1997(75), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.7502
- Candy, P. C. (1991). Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. Jossey-Bass.
- Chavez, A. F., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1999). Racial and ethnic identity and development. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 84, 39-44.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge.
- Cross, W. E., Jr. (1995). The psychology of nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 93–122). Sage Publications.
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- De Fina, A. (2019). The ethnographic interview. In K. Tusting (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of linguistic ethnography (pp. 154-167). Routledge.
- Dressel, P. L., & Mayhew, L. B. (1954). General education: Explorations in evaluation. American Council on Education.
- Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44–48.
- Formenti, L., Luraschi, S., & Del Negro, G. (2019). Relational aesthetics: A duoethnographic research on feminism. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 10(2), 123-141. https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9144
- Fox, H. (1994). Listening to the world: Cultural issues in academic writing. National Council of Teachers of English.
- Freire, P. (2018). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Bloomsbury Academic.
- Halpern, D. F. (2013). Teaching for critical thinking: A four-part model to enhance thinking skills. In S. F. Davis, W. Buskist (Eds.), The teaching of psychology: Essays in honor of Wilbert J. McKeachie and Charles L. Brewer (pp. 111-126). Psychology Press.
- Kahlke, R., & Eva, K. (2018). Constructing critical thinking in health professional education. Perspectives on Medical Education, 7(3), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-018-0415-z
- Kennedy, V. (2013). Edward Said: A critical introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
- Kokkos, A. (2011). Transformative learning through aesthetic experience: The formulation of a method. In Education through the Arts (pp. 71-120).
- Kroger, J. (1997). Gender and identity: The intersection of structure, content and context. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 36(11-12), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025627206676
- Kwon, N., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Alexander, L. (2007). Critical thinking disposition and library anxiety: Affective domains on the space of information seeking and use in academic libraries. College & Research Libraries, 68(3), 268-278. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.68.3.268
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- Mezirow, J., Taylor, Ε., & Associates. (2009). Transformative learning in practice. Jossey-Bass.
- Miller, P. (1993). Theories of developmental psychology (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman.
- Moll, L. C. (Ed.). (1990). Vygotsky and education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology. Cambridge University Press.
- Moore, K. (2010). The three-part harmony of adult learning, critical thinking, and decision-making. Journal of Adult Education, 39(1), 1-10.
- Moore, T. (2013). Critical thinking: Seven definitions in search of a concept. Studies in Higher Education, 38(4), 506-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.586995
- Pagán Castaño, J., Arnal-Pastor, M., Pagán-Castaño, E., & Guijarro-García, M. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of the literature on critical thinking: An increasingly important competence for higher education students. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2125888
- Raikou, N., Karalis, T., & Ravanis, K. (2017). Implementing an innovative method to develop critical thinking skills in student teachers. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 10(2), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.24193/adn.10.2.2
- Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
- Said, E. W. (2001). Reflections on exile. In E. W. Said, Reflections on exile and other essays (pp. 173-186). Harvard University Press.
- Scott, S., & Palincsar, A. (2013). Sociocultural theory. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/THE-HISTORICAL-ROOTS-OF-SOCIOCULTURAL-THEORY-Scott-Palincsar/37fe8cf044514b7dbe734f2e4dad2f30c22e9d0c
- Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1981). The psychological consequences of literacy. Harvard University Press.
- Scrimsher, S., & Tudge, J. (2003). The teaching/learning relationship in the first years of school: Some revolutionary implications of Vygotsky's theory. Early Education & Development, 14(3), 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1403_3
- Shor, I., & Freire, P. (1987). A pedagogy for liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Siegel, H. (2015). New work on critical thinking: Comments on Frímannsson, Holma and Ritola. Studier i Pædagogisk Filosofi, 4(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.7146/spf.v4i1.22091
- Sprott, K., & Msengi, C. (Eds.). (2020). Designing culturally competent programming for PK-20 classrooms. IGI Global.
- Tahirsylaj, A., & Wahlström, N. (2019). Role of transnational and national education policies in realisation of critical thinking: the cases of Sweden and Kosovo: The cases of Sweden and Kosovo. The Curriculum Journal, 30(4), 484-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2019.1615523
- Vaske, J. M. (1998). Defining, teaching, and evaluating critical thinking skills in adult education (Specialist in Education thesis). Drake University.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1981a). The genesis of higher mental functions. In The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 144-188). Sharpe.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1981b). The instrumental method in psychology. In The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 134-143). Sharpe.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1983). Sobranie sochinenii, Tom tretii. Problemy razvitiya psikhiki [Collected works, Vol. 3: Problems in the development of mind]. Izdatel'stvo Pedagogika.
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, Vol. 1. Problems of general psychology (R. W. Rieber & A. S. Carton, Eds.). Plenum Press.
- Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of the mind: A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Harvard University Press.
- Wertsch, J. V. (1995). The need for action in sociocultural research. In J. V. Wertsch, P. del Rio, & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Sociocultural studies of mind (pp. 56-74). Cambridge University Press.
- Wertsch, J. V. (1985). The semiotic mediation of mental life: L. S. Vygotsky and M. M. Bakhtin. In Semiotic mediation (pp. 49-71). Academic Press.
- Wertsch, J. V., & Tulviste, P. (1992). L. S. Vygotsky and contemporary developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.548
- Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical thinking: Why is it so hard to teach? American Educator, 31, 8-19.
References
Altheide, D. L. (2001). Ethnographic content analysis. Ethnography, 4(2), 174-184.
Atkinson, D. (1997). A critical approach to critical thinking in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 31(1), 71-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587975
Atkinson, D. (1998). Comments on Dwight Atkinson's "A critical approach to critical thinking in TESOL": A case for critical thinking in the English language classroom. The author responds. TESOL Quarterly, 32(1), 133-137.
Brinkmann, S. (2013). Qualitative interviewing. Understanding Qualitative Research, 10(1), 5-25.
Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinkers. Jossey-Bass.
Brookfield, S. D. (1997). Assessing critical thinking. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1997(75), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.7502
Candy, P. C. (1991). Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. Jossey-Bass.
Chavez, A. F., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1999). Racial and ethnic identity and development. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 84, 39-44.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge.
Cross, W. E., Jr. (1995). The psychology of nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 93–122). Sage Publications.
D'Angelo, E. (1971). The teaching of critical thinking. B. R. Gruner.
De Fina, A. (2019). The ethnographic interview. In K. Tusting (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of linguistic ethnography (pp. 154-167). Routledge.
Dressel, P. L., & Mayhew, L. B. (1954). General education: Explorations in evaluation. American Council on Education.
Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44–48.
Formenti, L., Luraschi, S., & Del Negro, G. (2019). Relational aesthetics: A duoethnographic research on feminism. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 10(2), 123-141. https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela9144
Fox, H. (1994). Listening to the world: Cultural issues in academic writing. National Council of Teachers of English.
Freire, P. (2018). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Bloomsbury Academic.
Halpern, D. F. (2013). Teaching for critical thinking: A four-part model to enhance thinking skills. In S. F. Davis, W. Buskist (Eds.), The teaching of psychology: Essays in honor of Wilbert J. McKeachie and Charles L. Brewer (pp. 111-126). Psychology Press.
Kahlke, R., & Eva, K. (2018). Constructing critical thinking in health professional education. Perspectives on Medical Education, 7(3), 156-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-018-0415-z
Kennedy, V. (2013). Edward Said: A critical introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Kokkos, A. (2011). Transformative learning through aesthetic experience: The formulation of a method. In Education through the Arts (pp. 71-120).
Kroger, J. (1997). Gender and identity: The intersection of structure, content and context. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 36(11-12), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025627206676
Kwon, N., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Alexander, L. (2007). Critical thinking disposition and library anxiety: Affective domains on the space of information seeking and use in academic libraries. College & Research Libraries, 68(3), 268-278. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.68.3.268
Leavy, P. (2020). Introduction to the Oxford handbook of qualitative research. In P. Leavy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 1-24). Oxford University Press
Lindeman, E. (1926). The Meaning of Adult Education. New Republic.
Lipman, M. (1985). Thinking skills fostered by philosophy for children. In J. W Segal, S. F. Chipman, R. Glaser (Eds.), Thinking and learning skills: Relating instruction to research (pp. 83-108). Earlbaum.
Manalo, E., Kusumi, T., Koyasu, M., Michita, Y., & Tanaka, Y. (2013). To what extent do culture-related factors influence university students’ critical thinking use? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 10, 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.08.003
Merriam, S. B., & Caffarella, R. S. (1999). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J. (1981). A critical theory of adult learning and education. Adult Education, 32(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171368103200101
Mezirow, J., Taylor, Ε., & Associates. (2009). Transformative learning in practice. Jossey-Bass.
Miller, P. (1993). Theories of developmental psychology (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman.
Moll, L. C. (Ed.). (1990). Vygotsky and education: Instructional implications and applications of sociohistorical psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Moore, K. (2010). The three-part harmony of adult learning, critical thinking, and decision-making. Journal of Adult Education, 39(1), 1-10.
Moore, T. (2013). Critical thinking: Seven definitions in search of a concept. Studies in Higher Education, 38(4), 506-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.586995
Pagán Castaño, J., Arnal-Pastor, M., Pagán-Castaño, E., & Guijarro-García, M. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of the literature on critical thinking: An increasingly important competence for higher education students. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2125888
Raikou, N., Karalis, T., & Ravanis, K. (2017). Implementing an innovative method to develop critical thinking skills in student teachers. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 10(2), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.24193/adn.10.2.2
Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
Said, E. W. (2001). Reflections on exile. In E. W. Said, Reflections on exile and other essays (pp. 173-186). Harvard University Press.
Scott, S., & Palincsar, A. (2013). Sociocultural theory. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/THE-HISTORICAL-ROOTS-OF-SOCIOCULTURAL-THEORY-Scott-Palincsar/37fe8cf044514b7dbe734f2e4dad2f30c22e9d0c
Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1981). The psychological consequences of literacy. Harvard University Press.
Scrimsher, S., & Tudge, J. (2003). The teaching/learning relationship in the first years of school: Some revolutionary implications of Vygotsky's theory. Early Education & Development, 14(3), 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1403_3
Shor, I., & Freire, P. (1987). A pedagogy for liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Siegel, H. (2015). New work on critical thinking: Comments on Frímannsson, Holma and Ritola. Studier i Pædagogisk Filosofi, 4(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.7146/spf.v4i1.22091
Sprott, K., & Msengi, C. (Eds.). (2020). Designing culturally competent programming for PK-20 classrooms. IGI Global.
Tahirsylaj, A., & Wahlström, N. (2019). Role of transnational and national education policies in realisation of critical thinking: the cases of Sweden and Kosovo: The cases of Sweden and Kosovo. The Curriculum Journal, 30(4), 484-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2019.1615523
Vaske, J. M. (1998). Defining, teaching, and evaluating critical thinking skills in adult education (Specialist in Education thesis). Drake University.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1981a). The genesis of higher mental functions. In The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 144-188). Sharpe.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1981b). The instrumental method in psychology. In The concept of activity in Soviet psychology (pp. 134-143). Sharpe.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1983). Sobranie sochinenii, Tom tretii. Problemy razvitiya psikhiki [Collected works, Vol. 3: Problems in the development of mind]. Izdatel'stvo Pedagogika.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, Vol. 1. Problems of general psychology (R. W. Rieber & A. S. Carton, Eds.). Plenum Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of the mind: A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Harvard University Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (1995). The need for action in sociocultural research. In J. V. Wertsch, P. del Rio, & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Sociocultural studies of mind (pp. 56-74). Cambridge University Press.
Wertsch, J. V. (1985). The semiotic mediation of mental life: L. S. Vygotsky and M. M. Bakhtin. In Semiotic mediation (pp. 49-71). Academic Press.
Wertsch, J. V., & Tulviste, P. (1992). L. S. Vygotsky and contemporary developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.548
Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical thinking: Why is it so hard to teach? American Educator, 31, 8-19.