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Abstract
The author makes a critical analysis of ritual in a structural attempt, as ?the world of time out of the time?. He considers two functions of ritual: building social solidarity and supporting antagonisms in society. He indicates the changes taking place in contents and forms of ritual, disappearance of its social understanding, which significantly influences the realisation of the function of ritual as a cultural identity transmitter.
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References
- BAKHTIN Mikhail, Rabelais and his world. Massachusetts The MIT Press, (orig. Tvorchestvo Fransua Rabie, 1965, Moscow, Khudozhestvenaya literatura), 1968.
- BLOCH Maurice, From blessing to violence. History and ideology in the circumcision ritual of the Merina of Madagascar. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
- BOISSEVAIN Jeremy, When the saints go marching Out: Reflections on the decline of patronage in Malta. In: Gellner Ernest & John Waterbury (ed.), Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies. London, 1977.
- BOISSEVAIN Jeremy, Ritual escalation in Malta. In: Wolf Eric R. (ed.), Religion, power and protest in local communities. The northern shore of the Mediterranean, Berlin-New York-AmsterdamMouton, 1984, pp. 163-184.
- BOISSEVAIN JEREMY, Ritual, play and identity: changing patterns of celebration in Maltese villages. In: Journal of Mediterranean Studies, Vol. I, 1991a, pp. 87-100.
- BOISSEVAIN Jeremy (ed.), Feestelijke vernieuwing in Nederland? Amsterdam, P.J. Meertens-lnstituut, 1991b.
- BOISSEVAIN Jeremy (ed.). Revitalizing European rituals, London, Routledge, 1992.
- BROWN Peter, The cult of the saints. Its rise and function in Latin Christianity, London, SCM Press, 1981.
- BURKE PETER, The historical anthropology of early modern Italy. Essays on perception and communication, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- CARO BAROJA Julio, El Carnaval (analisis historico-cultural). Madrid, Taurus Ediciones, 1965.
- COHEN Abner, Drama and politics in the development of a London carnival. In: Man (N.S.) 15, 1980, pp. 65-87.
- COHEN Abner, Masquerade Politics. Explorations in Structure of Urban Cultural Movements, London, Berg, 1993.
- COHEN Anthony P., The symbolic construction of community, London, Tavistock Publications, 1985.
- CHRISTIAN William A., jr., Person and God in a Spanish valley. New York, Seminar Press, 1972.
- CHRISTIAN William A., jr., Local religion in sixteenth-century Spain, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981.
- DAVIES Natalie Zemon, Society and culture in early modern France, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1975.
- De GRAZIA Victoria, The culture of consent. Mass organization of leisure in fascist Italy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
- De JONG Ferdinand, The sacred forest in global perspective. Forthcoming in: Staring Richard, Marco van der Land & Herman Tak (eds.), Globalization/Localization: Paradoxes of Cultural Identity. Focaal Tijdschrift voor Antropologie, No. 30-31, 1998.
- DUNDES Allan, Allessando Fallassi, La Terra in Piazza. An interpretation of the Palio of Siena, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975.
- DURKHEIM Emile, The elementary forms of the religious life, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (orig. Les formes elementaires de la vie religieuse, 1912, Paris, Alcan), 1976.
- Falassi Alessandro (ed.), Time out of time. Essays on the festival. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1987.
- GILMORE David, Carnaval in Fuenmayor: class conflict and social cohesion in an Andalusian town. Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 331-349.
- GINZBURG Carlo, Folklore, magia, religione, Storia d'ltalia, Vol. 1,1972, pp. 603-676, Torino. Einaudi.
- GROSSBERG L., Identity and Cultural Studies - Is That All There Is? In: Stuart Hall & Paul du Gay (eds.). Questions of Cultural Identity, London, Sage Publications, 1996, pp. 87-108.
- GLUCKMAN Max, Order and rebellion in tribal Africa, London, Cohen & West Ltd., 1963.
- PIall S., Introduction. Who Needs Identity? In: Stuart Hall & Paul du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity, London, Sage Publications, 1996, pp. 1-17.
- HANDELMAN Don, Models and mirrors: towards an anthropology of public events, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
- HAUSCHILD Thomas, Studien zum Religiósen Diskurs in Suditalien. Band I. Eine Lukanische Hagiographie, Koln, 1989.
- Hobsbawm Eac, Terence Ranger (eds.). The invention of tradition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- HERTZ Robert, The pre-eminence of the right hand: a study in religious polarity. In: Needham Rodney (ed.), Right and left. Essays on dual symbolic classification, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 3-31. (orig. La preeminence de la main droite: etude sur la polarite religieuse, 1909, In: Revue philosophique 68, pp. 553-580).
- KALB Don, Interpretations of class: introduction. In: Focaal, Tijdschrift voor Antropologie, 19, 1992, pp. 5-15.
- KALB Don, HANS Marks, HERMAN Tak, Historical anthropology and anthropological history two distinct programs, In: ibid, (eds.), Historical anthropology: the unwaged debate. Focaal. Tijdschrift voor Antropologie, 26/27, 1996, pp. 5-13.
- KERTZER David I., Ritual, politics, and power. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1988.
- KUBIK Jan, The power of symbols against the symbols ofpower. The rise and the fall of state socialism in Poland, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
- LEACH Edmund R., Rethinking anthropology, London, The Athlone Press, 1961.
- Le ROY Ladurie Emmanuel, Le Carnaval de Romans, de la Chandeleur au mercredi des Cendres 1579 1580, Paris, Editions Gallimard, 1979.
- LURIA Keith P., Territories of grace. Cultural change in the seventeenth-century diocese of Grenoble, Berkeley, University of California. Press, 1991.
- MANNING Frank E. (ed.), The celebration of society. Perspectives on contemporary cultural performances, Ohio, Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1983.
- MITCHELL Katharyne, Different diasporas and the hype of hybridity. Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, Vol. 15, 1997, pp. 533-553.
- MOORE Sally F., Myerhoff Barbara G. (eds.). Secular ritual. Assen/'Amsterdam: van Gorcum. O'Brien Jay & Roseberry William (eds.), 1991. Golden ages, dark ages. Imagining the past in anthropology and history, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977.
- OZOUF Mona, La ete revolutionnaire, 1789-1799,Paris, Editions Gallimard, 1976.
- PROPP Vladimir Ja., Feste agrarie Russe. Una ricerca storico-etnografica, Bari, Dedalo, 1978. (orig. Russkie agrarnye prazdniki, 1963).
- RAPPAPORT Roy A., Ecology, meaning and religion, Berkeley, North Atlantic Books, 1979.
- SCOTT James C., Domination and the arts of resistance. Hidden transcripts. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1990.
- SlDER GERALD M., The ties that bind: culture and agriculture, property and propriety in the Newfoundland village rishery. Social History, Vol. 5, 1980, pp. 1-39.
- SlDER Gerald M., Culture and class in anthropology and history. A Newfoundland illustration, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
- SILVERMAN, Towards a political economy of Italian competitive festivals. Etnologia Europaea, 1985, pp. 95-103.
- STAAL Frits, Over zin en onzin in fdosofie, religie en wetenschap, Amsterdam, Meulenhoft, 1986.
- STARING Richard, Marco van der Land, Herman Tak en, Don Kalb, Localizing cultural identity. In: Staring van der Land & Tak (eds.), GlobalizationJLocalization: Paradoxes of Cultural Identity. Forthcoming in: Focaal Tijdschrift voor Antropcilogie, No. 30-31, 1998.
- TAK Herman, Wood and broom Fires. Ritual change in Southern Italy, Etnologia Europaea, 22, 1992, pp. 33-50.
- TAK Herman, South Italian Festivals. A local history of ritual and change (forthcoming), Amsterdam University Press, 1996.
- TURNER Victor W., The ritual process. Structure and anti-structure, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1969.
- TURNER Victor W., Dramas, fields, and metaphors. Symbolic action in human society, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1974.
- TURNER Victor W., From ritual to theater. The human seriousness of play. New York, PAY Publications, 1982a.
- TURNER Victor W. (ed.), Celebration. Studies in festivity and ritual, Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982b.
- TURNER Victor, TURNER Edith, Image and pilgrimage in Christian culture. Anthropological perspectives, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1978.
- Van GENNEP Arnold, The rites of passage, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1960. (orig. Les rites de passages, 1909).
- WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig, Philosophische Untersuchungen/Philosophical investigations, Oxford, Basil Blackwell & Mott Ltd., 1953.
References
BAKHTIN Mikhail, Rabelais and his world. Massachusetts The MIT Press, (orig. Tvorchestvo Fransua Rabie, 1965, Moscow, Khudozhestvenaya literatura), 1968.
BLOCH Maurice, From blessing to violence. History and ideology in the circumcision ritual of the Merina of Madagascar. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
BOISSEVAIN Jeremy, When the saints go marching Out: Reflections on the decline of patronage in Malta. In: Gellner Ernest & John Waterbury (ed.), Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies. London, 1977.
BOISSEVAIN Jeremy, Ritual escalation in Malta. In: Wolf Eric R. (ed.), Religion, power and protest in local communities. The northern shore of the Mediterranean, Berlin-New York-AmsterdamMouton, 1984, pp. 163-184.
BOISSEVAIN JEREMY, Ritual, play and identity: changing patterns of celebration in Maltese villages. In: Journal of Mediterranean Studies, Vol. I, 1991a, pp. 87-100.
BOISSEVAIN Jeremy (ed.), Feestelijke vernieuwing in Nederland? Amsterdam, P.J. Meertens-lnstituut, 1991b.
BOISSEVAIN Jeremy (ed.). Revitalizing European rituals, London, Routledge, 1992.
BROWN Peter, The cult of the saints. Its rise and function in Latin Christianity, London, SCM Press, 1981.
BURKE PETER, The historical anthropology of early modern Italy. Essays on perception and communication, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
CARO BAROJA Julio, El Carnaval (analisis historico-cultural). Madrid, Taurus Ediciones, 1965.
COHEN Abner, Drama and politics in the development of a London carnival. In: Man (N.S.) 15, 1980, pp. 65-87.
COHEN Abner, Masquerade Politics. Explorations in Structure of Urban Cultural Movements, London, Berg, 1993.
COHEN Anthony P., The symbolic construction of community, London, Tavistock Publications, 1985.
CHRISTIAN William A., jr., Person and God in a Spanish valley. New York, Seminar Press, 1972.
CHRISTIAN William A., jr., Local religion in sixteenth-century Spain, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981.
DAVIES Natalie Zemon, Society and culture in early modern France, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1975.
De GRAZIA Victoria, The culture of consent. Mass organization of leisure in fascist Italy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
De JONG Ferdinand, The sacred forest in global perspective. Forthcoming in: Staring Richard, Marco van der Land & Herman Tak (eds.), Globalization/Localization: Paradoxes of Cultural Identity. Focaal Tijdschrift voor Antropologie, No. 30-31, 1998.
DUNDES Allan, Allessando Fallassi, La Terra in Piazza. An interpretation of the Palio of Siena, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975.
DURKHEIM Emile, The elementary forms of the religious life, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (orig. Les formes elementaires de la vie religieuse, 1912, Paris, Alcan), 1976.
Falassi Alessandro (ed.), Time out of time. Essays on the festival. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1987.
GILMORE David, Carnaval in Fuenmayor: class conflict and social cohesion in an Andalusian town. Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 331-349.
GINZBURG Carlo, Folklore, magia, religione, Storia d'ltalia, Vol. 1,1972, pp. 603-676, Torino. Einaudi.
GROSSBERG L., Identity and Cultural Studies - Is That All There Is? In: Stuart Hall & Paul du Gay (eds.). Questions of Cultural Identity, London, Sage Publications, 1996, pp. 87-108.
GLUCKMAN Max, Order and rebellion in tribal Africa, London, Cohen & West Ltd., 1963.
PIall S., Introduction. Who Needs Identity? In: Stuart Hall & Paul du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity, London, Sage Publications, 1996, pp. 1-17.
HANDELMAN Don, Models and mirrors: towards an anthropology of public events, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
HAUSCHILD Thomas, Studien zum Religiósen Diskurs in Suditalien. Band I. Eine Lukanische Hagiographie, Koln, 1989.
Hobsbawm Eac, Terence Ranger (eds.). The invention of tradition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
HERTZ Robert, The pre-eminence of the right hand: a study in religious polarity. In: Needham Rodney (ed.), Right and left. Essays on dual symbolic classification, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 3-31. (orig. La preeminence de la main droite: etude sur la polarite religieuse, 1909, In: Revue philosophique 68, pp. 553-580).
KALB Don, Interpretations of class: introduction. In: Focaal, Tijdschrift voor Antropologie, 19, 1992, pp. 5-15.
KALB Don, HANS Marks, HERMAN Tak, Historical anthropology and anthropological history two distinct programs, In: ibid, (eds.), Historical anthropology: the unwaged debate. Focaal. Tijdschrift voor Antropologie, 26/27, 1996, pp. 5-13.
KERTZER David I., Ritual, politics, and power. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1988.
KUBIK Jan, The power of symbols against the symbols ofpower. The rise and the fall of state socialism in Poland, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
LEACH Edmund R., Rethinking anthropology, London, The Athlone Press, 1961.
Le ROY Ladurie Emmanuel, Le Carnaval de Romans, de la Chandeleur au mercredi des Cendres 1579 1580, Paris, Editions Gallimard, 1979.
LURIA Keith P., Territories of grace. Cultural change in the seventeenth-century diocese of Grenoble, Berkeley, University of California. Press, 1991.
MANNING Frank E. (ed.), The celebration of society. Perspectives on contemporary cultural performances, Ohio, Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1983.
MITCHELL Katharyne, Different diasporas and the hype of hybridity. Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, Vol. 15, 1997, pp. 533-553.
MOORE Sally F., Myerhoff Barbara G. (eds.). Secular ritual. Assen/'Amsterdam: van Gorcum. O'Brien Jay & Roseberry William (eds.), 1991. Golden ages, dark ages. Imagining the past in anthropology and history, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977.
OZOUF Mona, La ete revolutionnaire, 1789-1799,Paris, Editions Gallimard, 1976.
PROPP Vladimir Ja., Feste agrarie Russe. Una ricerca storico-etnografica, Bari, Dedalo, 1978. (orig. Russkie agrarnye prazdniki, 1963).
RAPPAPORT Roy A., Ecology, meaning and religion, Berkeley, North Atlantic Books, 1979.
SCOTT James C., Domination and the arts of resistance. Hidden transcripts. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1990.
SlDER GERALD M., The ties that bind: culture and agriculture, property and propriety in the Newfoundland village rishery. Social History, Vol. 5, 1980, pp. 1-39.
SlDER Gerald M., Culture and class in anthropology and history. A Newfoundland illustration, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
SILVERMAN, Towards a political economy of Italian competitive festivals. Etnologia Europaea, 1985, pp. 95-103.
STAAL Frits, Over zin en onzin in fdosofie, religie en wetenschap, Amsterdam, Meulenhoft, 1986.
STARING Richard, Marco van der Land, Herman Tak en, Don Kalb, Localizing cultural identity. In: Staring van der Land & Tak (eds.), GlobalizationJLocalization: Paradoxes of Cultural Identity. Forthcoming in: Focaal Tijdschrift voor Antropcilogie, No. 30-31, 1998.
TAK Herman, Wood and broom Fires. Ritual change in Southern Italy, Etnologia Europaea, 22, 1992, pp. 33-50.
TAK Herman, South Italian Festivals. A local history of ritual and change (forthcoming), Amsterdam University Press, 1996.
TURNER Victor W., The ritual process. Structure and anti-structure, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1969.
TURNER Victor W., Dramas, fields, and metaphors. Symbolic action in human society, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1974.
TURNER Victor W., From ritual to theater. The human seriousness of play. New York, PAY Publications, 1982a.
TURNER Victor W. (ed.), Celebration. Studies in festivity and ritual, Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982b.
TURNER Victor, TURNER Edith, Image and pilgrimage in Christian culture. Anthropological perspectives, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1978.
Van GENNEP Arnold, The rites of passage, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1960. (orig. Les rites de passages, 1909).
WITTGENSTEIN Ludwig, Philosophische Untersuchungen/Philosophical investigations, Oxford, Basil Blackwell & Mott Ltd., 1953.