Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of educational reforms in many European countries, amongst others in Poland, is the introduction of the accountability priority and the procedure of nationwide testing, based on the commonly binding standards, into the educational system. The emphasis on the free choice and the evaluation of learning and transferring knowledge by the means of the profit and loss statement constitute a change of philosophical basics of education. Education is economized and perceived as an individual investment.
The conceptualisation of lifelong learning in the EU documents takes place also on the basis of the priority of economic adequacy ? work and life in accordance with the imperatives of economy/society based on knowledge. The concept of citizenship in the strategy of the lifelong learning of the EU is stigmatized with the contradiction between the democratic equality principle and the priority of competitiveness in capitalism. The challenge of ?learning how to be a citizen? in the more and more diverse and highly individual society is recognised as a principal political target. In many strategic European documents regarding the lifelong learning a strong emphasis is put on the significance of civic education in order to shape social skills and competences to act to the benefit of common good. However, a critical analysis of the EU documents shows that the civic competence in the strategy of lifelong learning is often presented as a ?buzzword?, which should be self-understood and not defined on the basis of strong scientific foundations. There is a threat that the value of the civic competence in the lifelong learning, in particular from the perspective of neoliberal reformers will boil down to the rank of an empty slogan skipping its role as a ?catalyst? of changes in school curricula and practices in the direction of educating citizens who are more active and more socially committed.
Keywords
rozliczalność (accountability)
obywatelstwo
kształcenie ustawiczne
kapitał ludzki
accountability
citizenship
lifelong learning
human capital
Article Details
License
TCE (INSTED) is an open access journal, which means that access to the full texts is free of charge. People using the journal may download publications, copy and print them, as well as post on their websites links to the full texts of the journal's publications. Texts can be used as long as readers do not exceed the licenses. Authors submitting manuscripts for publication obtain copyrights. Unless otherwise specified, published texts are available under the Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 4.0 International license.
How to Cite
Hildebrandt-Wypych, D. (2014). Citizenship in the Strategy of the Lifelong Learning of the EU ? Supporting the Participation in Democracy or Developing Human Capital?. INSTED: Interdisciplinary Studies in Education & Society, 17(2(66), 21–37. Retrieved from https://insted-tce.pl/ojs/index.php/tce/article/view/27
References
-
ALMOND P., 2013, Corporate Manslaughter and Regulatory Reform, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.
ASTUTO J., RUCK M.D., 2010, Early Childhood as a Foundation for Civic Engagement, [in:] L.R. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, C.A. Flanagan (eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
BRINE J., 2006, Lifelong learning and knowledge economy: those that know and those that do not ? the discourse of the European Union, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 32, No. 5.
Commission of the European Communities, 2000, A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning, Brussels 30.10.2000, http://www.bologna-berlin2003.de/pdf/MemorandumEng.pdf
Commission of the European Communities, 2001, Communication from the Commission: Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2001:0678:FIN:EN:PDF.
CROPP D., 2000, Capitalism versus Democracy: The Marketing of Votes and the Marketing of Political Power, [in:] J.D. Bishop (ed.), Ethics and capitalism, University of Toronto Press, Inc., Toronto.
DEAKIN CRICK R.D., JOLDERSMA C.W., 2006, Habermas, lifelong learning and citizenship education, Studies in Philosophy and Education, Vol. 26 (2).
Decision No. 1904/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 establishing for the period 2007 to 2013 the programme ?Europe for Citizens? to promote active European citizenship, Official Journal of the European Union, L 378/32, 27.12.2006, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:378:0032:0040:EN:PDF.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2006, Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 18 December 2006 on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:en:PDF.
FORGEARD M., JAYAWICKREME E., KERN M., SELIGMAN M., 2011, Doing the right thing: Measuring wellbeing for public policy, International Journal of Wellbeing, 1 (1).
GOUTHRO P.A., 2009, Neoliberalism, lifelong learning, and the homeplace: problematizing the bounderies of ?public? and ?private? to explore women's learning experiences, Studies in
Continuing Education, Vol. 21, No. 2.
HABERMAS J., 2000, Filozoficzny dyskurs nowoczesności, Universitas, Kraków.
HOLFORD J., MOHORČIČ ŠPOLAR V.A., 2012, Neoliberal and inclusive themes in European lifelong learning policy, [in:] S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, E. Weedon (eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe.
Equity and efficiency in the balance, The Polity Press, Bristol.
HOLFORD J., RIDDELL S., WEEDON E., LITJENS J., HANNAN G., 2008, Patterns of Lifelong Learning: Policy and Practice in an Expanding Europe, LIT Verlag, Munster?Hamburg?Berlin?Wien?London?Zurich.
KEARNEY C.B., 2007, The New Importance of Citizenship Education in Europe: A Case Study of England's Recent Citizenship Curriculum Development, [in:] G.-G. Kotthoff, S. Moutsios (eds.),
Education Policies in Europe. Economy, Citizenship, Diversity, Waxmann Verlag, Münster.
LESER Ch., 2011, Politische Bildung in und durch Schule, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden.
LEVINE P., 2012, Education for a civic society, [in:] D.E. Campbell, M. Levinson, F.M. Hess (eds.), Making Civics Count. Citizenship Education for a New Generation, Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
MANISCALCO R.S., 2010, The Impact of the European Policies on the New Skills for the New Jobs, Review of European Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2.
MILANA M., 2008, Is European active citizenship fortering inclusion within the Union? A critical review, European Journal of Education, Vol. 43, No. 2.
MILANA M., TAROZZI M., 2013, It?s about us! Reflections on Education for Active Citizenship within the European Union, LLinE: Lifelong Learning Europe (2), http://www.lline.fi/en/article/research/22013d/it-s-about-us-reflections-on-education-for-active-citizenship-within-the-european-union.
RANSON S., 1999, Markets or democracy for education, [in:] J. Ahier, B. Cosin, M. Hales (eds.), Diversity and Change: Education, Policy and Selection, Routledge, London, New York.
RIDDELL S., WEEDON E., 2012, Lifelong learning and the generation of human and social capital, [in:] S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, E. Weedon (eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe. Equity and efficiency in the balance, The Polity Press, Bristol.
ROSE N., 1999, Powers of freedom: reframing political thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
SEDDON T., 2004, Remaking Civic Formation: towards a learning citizen?, London Review of Education, Vol. 2, No. 3.
YOUNISS J., 2011, Civic Education: What Schools Can do to Encourage Civic Identity and Action, Applied Developmental Science, Vol. 15 (2).
ZEPKE N., 2013a, Lifelong education for subjective well-being: how do engagement and active citizenship contribute?, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 32 (5).
ZEPKE N., 2013b, Three perspectives on active citizenship in lifelong and life-wide education research, LLinE: Lifelong Learning Europe (2), http://www.lline.fi/en/article/research/220132/three-perspectiveson-active- citizenship-in-lifelong-and-life-wide-education-research.
References
ALMOND P., 2013, Corporate Manslaughter and Regulatory Reform, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.
ASTUTO J., RUCK M.D., 2010, Early Childhood as a Foundation for Civic Engagement, [in:] L.R. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, C.A. Flanagan (eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
BRINE J., 2006, Lifelong learning and knowledge economy: those that know and those that do not ? the discourse of the European Union, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 32, No. 5.
Commission of the European Communities, 2000, A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning, Brussels 30.10.2000, http://www.bologna-berlin2003.de/pdf/MemorandumEng.pdf
Commission of the European Communities, 2001, Communication from the Commission: Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2001:0678:FIN:EN:PDF.
CROPP D., 2000, Capitalism versus Democracy: The Marketing of Votes and the Marketing of Political Power, [in:] J.D. Bishop (ed.), Ethics and capitalism, University of Toronto Press, Inc., Toronto.
DEAKIN CRICK R.D., JOLDERSMA C.W., 2006, Habermas, lifelong learning and citizenship education, Studies in Philosophy and Education, Vol. 26 (2).
Decision No. 1904/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 establishing for the period 2007 to 2013 the programme ?Europe for Citizens? to promote active European citizenship, Official Journal of the European Union, L 378/32, 27.12.2006, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:378:0032:0040:EN:PDF.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2006, Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 18 December 2006 on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:en:PDF.
FORGEARD M., JAYAWICKREME E., KERN M., SELIGMAN M., 2011, Doing the right thing: Measuring wellbeing for public policy, International Journal of Wellbeing, 1 (1).
GOUTHRO P.A., 2009, Neoliberalism, lifelong learning, and the homeplace: problematizing the bounderies of ?public? and ?private? to explore women's learning experiences, Studies in
Continuing Education, Vol. 21, No. 2.
HABERMAS J., 2000, Filozoficzny dyskurs nowoczesności, Universitas, Kraków.
HOLFORD J., MOHORČIČ ŠPOLAR V.A., 2012, Neoliberal and inclusive themes in European lifelong learning policy, [in:] S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, E. Weedon (eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe.
Equity and efficiency in the balance, The Polity Press, Bristol.
HOLFORD J., RIDDELL S., WEEDON E., LITJENS J., HANNAN G., 2008, Patterns of Lifelong Learning: Policy and Practice in an Expanding Europe, LIT Verlag, Munster?Hamburg?Berlin?Wien?London?Zurich.
KEARNEY C.B., 2007, The New Importance of Citizenship Education in Europe: A Case Study of England's Recent Citizenship Curriculum Development, [in:] G.-G. Kotthoff, S. Moutsios (eds.),
Education Policies in Europe. Economy, Citizenship, Diversity, Waxmann Verlag, Münster.
LESER Ch., 2011, Politische Bildung in und durch Schule, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden.
LEVINE P., 2012, Education for a civic society, [in:] D.E. Campbell, M. Levinson, F.M. Hess (eds.), Making Civics Count. Citizenship Education for a New Generation, Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
MANISCALCO R.S., 2010, The Impact of the European Policies on the New Skills for the New Jobs, Review of European Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2.
MILANA M., 2008, Is European active citizenship fortering inclusion within the Union? A critical review, European Journal of Education, Vol. 43, No. 2.
MILANA M., TAROZZI M., 2013, It?s about us! Reflections on Education for Active Citizenship within the European Union, LLinE: Lifelong Learning Europe (2), http://www.lline.fi/en/article/research/22013d/it-s-about-us-reflections-on-education-for-active-citizenship-within-the-european-union.
RANSON S., 1999, Markets or democracy for education, [in:] J. Ahier, B. Cosin, M. Hales (eds.), Diversity and Change: Education, Policy and Selection, Routledge, London, New York.
RIDDELL S., WEEDON E., 2012, Lifelong learning and the generation of human and social capital, [in:] S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, E. Weedon (eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe. Equity and efficiency in the balance, The Polity Press, Bristol.
ROSE N., 1999, Powers of freedom: reframing political thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
SEDDON T., 2004, Remaking Civic Formation: towards a learning citizen?, London Review of Education, Vol. 2, No. 3.
YOUNISS J., 2011, Civic Education: What Schools Can do to Encourage Civic Identity and Action, Applied Developmental Science, Vol. 15 (2).
ZEPKE N., 2013a, Lifelong education for subjective well-being: how do engagement and active citizenship contribute?, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 32 (5).
ZEPKE N., 2013b, Three perspectives on active citizenship in lifelong and life-wide education research, LLinE: Lifelong Learning Europe (2), http://www.lline.fi/en/article/research/220132/three-perspectiveson-active- citizenship-in-lifelong-and-life-wide-education-research.
ASTUTO J., RUCK M.D., 2010, Early Childhood as a Foundation for Civic Engagement, [in:] L.R. Sherrod, J. Torney-Purta, C.A. Flanagan (eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
BRINE J., 2006, Lifelong learning and knowledge economy: those that know and those that do not ? the discourse of the European Union, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 32, No. 5.
Commission of the European Communities, 2000, A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning, Brussels 30.10.2000, http://www.bologna-berlin2003.de/pdf/MemorandumEng.pdf
Commission of the European Communities, 2001, Communication from the Commission: Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2001:0678:FIN:EN:PDF.
CROPP D., 2000, Capitalism versus Democracy: The Marketing of Votes and the Marketing of Political Power, [in:] J.D. Bishop (ed.), Ethics and capitalism, University of Toronto Press, Inc., Toronto.
DEAKIN CRICK R.D., JOLDERSMA C.W., 2006, Habermas, lifelong learning and citizenship education, Studies in Philosophy and Education, Vol. 26 (2).
Decision No. 1904/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 establishing for the period 2007 to 2013 the programme ?Europe for Citizens? to promote active European citizenship, Official Journal of the European Union, L 378/32, 27.12.2006, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:378:0032:0040:EN:PDF.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2006, Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 18 December 2006 on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:394:0010:0018:en:PDF.
FORGEARD M., JAYAWICKREME E., KERN M., SELIGMAN M., 2011, Doing the right thing: Measuring wellbeing for public policy, International Journal of Wellbeing, 1 (1).
GOUTHRO P.A., 2009, Neoliberalism, lifelong learning, and the homeplace: problematizing the bounderies of ?public? and ?private? to explore women's learning experiences, Studies in
Continuing Education, Vol. 21, No. 2.
HABERMAS J., 2000, Filozoficzny dyskurs nowoczesności, Universitas, Kraków.
HOLFORD J., MOHORČIČ ŠPOLAR V.A., 2012, Neoliberal and inclusive themes in European lifelong learning policy, [in:] S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, E. Weedon (eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe.
Equity and efficiency in the balance, The Polity Press, Bristol.
HOLFORD J., RIDDELL S., WEEDON E., LITJENS J., HANNAN G., 2008, Patterns of Lifelong Learning: Policy and Practice in an Expanding Europe, LIT Verlag, Munster?Hamburg?Berlin?Wien?London?Zurich.
KEARNEY C.B., 2007, The New Importance of Citizenship Education in Europe: A Case Study of England's Recent Citizenship Curriculum Development, [in:] G.-G. Kotthoff, S. Moutsios (eds.),
Education Policies in Europe. Economy, Citizenship, Diversity, Waxmann Verlag, Münster.
LESER Ch., 2011, Politische Bildung in und durch Schule, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden.
LEVINE P., 2012, Education for a civic society, [in:] D.E. Campbell, M. Levinson, F.M. Hess (eds.), Making Civics Count. Citizenship Education for a New Generation, Harvard Education Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
MANISCALCO R.S., 2010, The Impact of the European Policies on the New Skills for the New Jobs, Review of European Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2.
MILANA M., 2008, Is European active citizenship fortering inclusion within the Union? A critical review, European Journal of Education, Vol. 43, No. 2.
MILANA M., TAROZZI M., 2013, It?s about us! Reflections on Education for Active Citizenship within the European Union, LLinE: Lifelong Learning Europe (2), http://www.lline.fi/en/article/research/22013d/it-s-about-us-reflections-on-education-for-active-citizenship-within-the-european-union.
RANSON S., 1999, Markets or democracy for education, [in:] J. Ahier, B. Cosin, M. Hales (eds.), Diversity and Change: Education, Policy and Selection, Routledge, London, New York.
RIDDELL S., WEEDON E., 2012, Lifelong learning and the generation of human and social capital, [in:] S. Riddell, J. Markowitsch, E. Weedon (eds.), Lifelong learning in Europe. Equity and efficiency in the balance, The Polity Press, Bristol.
ROSE N., 1999, Powers of freedom: reframing political thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
SEDDON T., 2004, Remaking Civic Formation: towards a learning citizen?, London Review of Education, Vol. 2, No. 3.
YOUNISS J., 2011, Civic Education: What Schools Can do to Encourage Civic Identity and Action, Applied Developmental Science, Vol. 15 (2).
ZEPKE N., 2013a, Lifelong education for subjective well-being: how do engagement and active citizenship contribute?, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 32 (5).
ZEPKE N., 2013b, Three perspectives on active citizenship in lifelong and life-wide education research, LLinE: Lifelong Learning Europe (2), http://www.lline.fi/en/article/research/220132/three-perspectiveson-active- citizenship-in-lifelong-and-life-wide-education-research.