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Abstract
Restructuring schools has been the second neoliberal reform since Ronald Reagan government. It was an attempt to improve schools from the bottom up. There were two very different groups introducing the reform. The first group - of teachers and other professionals - planned the reform according to the theory and experience of effective schools. The second group - of businessmen and managers - conducted a typical neoliberal reform according to the needs of business, not of education. Students in schools restricted by educators had better achievements than in schools that had not been restructured.
Keywords
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References
- Bailey, T. (2007). Implication of educational inequality in global economy. W: C.R. Belfield, H.M. Levine (Eds.), The price we pay. Economic and social consequences of inadequate education. Washington, DC: Brookings.
- Bowsher, J.E. (1989). Educating America. Lessons learned in the nations corporations. New York: Wiley.
- Boyd, W.L. (1996). The politics of choice and market oriented school reform in Britain and the United States: explaining the differences. W: J. Chapman, W. Boyd, R. Lander, D. Reynolds (Eds.), The reconstruction of education. Quality, equality and control. London: Cassell.
- Bruner, J. (2006). Kultura uczenia się. Kraków: Universitas.
- Bryk, A.S. (2001). Preface. W: V.E. Lee, J.B. Smith, Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence: What works. New York: Columbia University.
- Cibulka, J.G. (1996). The evolution of education reform in Great Britain and the United States: implementation convergence of two macropolicy approaches. W: J. Chapman, W. Boyd, R. Lander, D. Reynolds (Eds.), The reconstruction of education. Quality, equality and control. London: Cassell.
- Civic Committee Press Release. (2004). Chicago.
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education. How America’s commitment to equity will determine our future. New York: Columbia University.
- Darling-Hammond, L., Ancess, J., Falk, B. (1995). Authentic assessment in action: Studies of schools and students at work. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Elmore, R.F. (1979/1980). Backward mapping: Implementation research and policy decisions. Political Science Quarterly, 94(4), 601-616.
- Elmore, R.F. (2003). Change and improvement in education reform. W: D.T. Gordon, P. Albjerg-Graham (Eds.), A nation reformed? American education 20 years after “A Nation at Risk”. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
- Gigot, P.A. (1991). School reform now turns to revolution, Wall Street Journal, 8 April.
- Gordon, D.T. (2003). Introduction. W: D.T. Gordon, P. Albjerg-Graham (Eds.), A nation reformed? American education 20 years after “A Nation at Risk”. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
- Guthrie, J.W., Pierce, L.C. (1991). The international economyand national educational reform: A comparison of education reforms in the United States and Great Britain. Oxford Review of Education, 16(2).
- Heubert, J.P., Houser, R.M. (Eds.). (1999). High-stake testing for tracking, promotion and graduation. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.
- Improving schools from the bottom up: from effective schools to restructuring. Washington, DC: Department of Education.
- Knowles, T. (2003). The academic imperative: new challenges and expectations facing school leaders. W: D.T. Gordon, P. Albjerg-Graham (Eds.), A nation reformed? American education 20 years after “A Nation at Risk”. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
- Kosar, K.R., Boulder, C.D. (2005). Failing grades, the federal politics of education standards. New York: Lynne Renner Publishers.
- Lee, V.E., Bryk, A., Smith, J.B. (1993). The organization of effective secondary schools. W: L. Darling-Hammond (Ed.), Review of Research in Education (Vol. 19). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
- Lee, V.E., Smith, J.B. (2001). Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence. New York: Columbia University.
- Lieberman, M. (2007). The educational morass. Overcoming the stalemate in American education, Rowman and Littlefield Education. Maryland: Lanham.
- Murnane, R.J., Levy, F. (1996). Teaching to new standards. W: S.H. Fuhrman, J.A. O’Day (Eds.), Reward and reform: Creating educational incentives that work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Nariello, G. (2001). Edytor serii. W: V.E. Lee, J.B. Smith, Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence. New York: Columbia University.
- The National Alliance of Business. (1991). The Business Roundtable Participation Guidi: A Primer for Business on Education. New York: Business Roundtable.
- Newman, F.M., Wehlage, G.G. (1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators. Madison, WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools.
- O’Donoghue, T., Dimmock, C. (1998). School restructuring. International perspective. London: Kogan.
- Rouse, C. E. (2007). Consequences for the labor market. W: C.R. Belfield, H.M. Levine (Eds.), The price we pay. Economic and social consequences of inadequate education (pp. 99-124). Washington, DC: Brookings.
- Sarason, S. (1990). The predictable failure of education reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Savunel, M. (1996). Tidal waves of school reform. Types of reforms, government control and Community advocates. Chicago: Praeger.
- Tewel, K.J. (1995). New schools for a new century. A leaders guide to high school reform. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
- The essential components of a successful education system. (1992). Washington, DC: Business Roundtable.
- Wang, M.C., Walberg, H.J. (Eds.). (2001). School choice or best systems. What improves education? Mahwah, NY: LawranceErlbam.
- Weil, D. (2009). Educational politics of Obama and Duncan - progressive American democrats Pobrano z: http://www.pdamerica.org/articles/news/2009-08-25-10-20-58-news.ph
- Whitford, B.L., Gaus, D.M. (1995). With a little help from their friends. Teachers making change at Wheeler School. W: A. Lieberman (Ed.), The work of restructuring schools: Building from the ground up. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Wilson, B.L., Rossman, G.B. (1993). Mandating academic excellence. High school responses to state curriculum reform. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Wong Chic, K.K. (2001). Integrated governance in Chicago and Birmingham.W: M.C. Wang, H.J. Walberg (Eds.), Schools choice or best systems: what improves education? Mahwah, NY: LawranceErlbam.
References
Bailey, T. (2007). Implication of educational inequality in global economy. W: C.R. Belfield, H.M. Levine (Eds.), The price we pay. Economic and social consequences of inadequate education. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Bowsher, J.E. (1989). Educating America. Lessons learned in the nations corporations. New York: Wiley.
Boyd, W.L. (1996). The politics of choice and market oriented school reform in Britain and the United States: explaining the differences. W: J. Chapman, W. Boyd, R. Lander, D. Reynolds (Eds.), The reconstruction of education. Quality, equality and control. London: Cassell.
Bruner, J. (2006). Kultura uczenia się. Kraków: Universitas.
Bryk, A.S. (2001). Preface. W: V.E. Lee, J.B. Smith, Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence: What works. New York: Columbia University.
Cibulka, J.G. (1996). The evolution of education reform in Great Britain and the United States: implementation convergence of two macropolicy approaches. W: J. Chapman, W. Boyd, R. Lander, D. Reynolds (Eds.), The reconstruction of education. Quality, equality and control. London: Cassell.
Civic Committee Press Release. (2004). Chicago.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education. How America’s commitment to equity will determine our future. New York: Columbia University.
Darling-Hammond, L., Ancess, J., Falk, B. (1995). Authentic assessment in action: Studies of schools and students at work. New York: Teachers College Press.
Elmore, R.F. (1979/1980). Backward mapping: Implementation research and policy decisions. Political Science Quarterly, 94(4), 601-616.
Elmore, R.F. (2003). Change and improvement in education reform. W: D.T. Gordon, P. Albjerg-Graham (Eds.), A nation reformed? American education 20 years after “A Nation at Risk”. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
Gigot, P.A. (1991). School reform now turns to revolution, Wall Street Journal, 8 April.
Gordon, D.T. (2003). Introduction. W: D.T. Gordon, P. Albjerg-Graham (Eds.), A nation reformed? American education 20 years after “A Nation at Risk”. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
Guthrie, J.W., Pierce, L.C. (1991). The international economyand national educational reform: A comparison of education reforms in the United States and Great Britain. Oxford Review of Education, 16(2).
Heubert, J.P., Houser, R.M. (Eds.). (1999). High-stake testing for tracking, promotion and graduation. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.
Improving schools from the bottom up: from effective schools to restructuring. Washington, DC: Department of Education.
Knowles, T. (2003). The academic imperative: new challenges and expectations facing school leaders. W: D.T. Gordon, P. Albjerg-Graham (Eds.), A nation reformed? American education 20 years after “A Nation at Risk”. Cambridge: Harvard Education Press.
Kosar, K.R., Boulder, C.D. (2005). Failing grades, the federal politics of education standards. New York: Lynne Renner Publishers.
Lee, V.E., Bryk, A., Smith, J.B. (1993). The organization of effective secondary schools. W: L. Darling-Hammond (Ed.), Review of Research in Education (Vol. 19). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
Lee, V.E., Smith, J.B. (2001). Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence. New York: Columbia University.
Lieberman, M. (2007). The educational morass. Overcoming the stalemate in American education, Rowman and Littlefield Education. Maryland: Lanham.
Murnane, R.J., Levy, F. (1996). Teaching to new standards. W: S.H. Fuhrman, J.A. O’Day (Eds.), Reward and reform: Creating educational incentives that work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nariello, G. (2001). Edytor serii. W: V.E. Lee, J.B. Smith, Restructuring high schools for equity and excellence. New York: Columbia University.
The National Alliance of Business. (1991). The Business Roundtable Participation Guidi: A Primer for Business on Education. New York: Business Roundtable.
Newman, F.M., Wehlage, G.G. (1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators. Madison, WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools.
O’Donoghue, T., Dimmock, C. (1998). School restructuring. International perspective. London: Kogan.
Rouse, C. E. (2007). Consequences for the labor market. W: C.R. Belfield, H.M. Levine (Eds.), The price we pay. Economic and social consequences of inadequate education (pp. 99-124). Washington, DC: Brookings.
Sarason, S. (1990). The predictable failure of education reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Savunel, M. (1996). Tidal waves of school reform. Types of reforms, government control and Community advocates. Chicago: Praeger.
Tewel, K.J. (1995). New schools for a new century. A leaders guide to high school reform. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
The essential components of a successful education system. (1992). Washington, DC: Business Roundtable.
Wang, M.C., Walberg, H.J. (Eds.). (2001). School choice or best systems. What improves education? Mahwah, NY: LawranceErlbam.
Weil, D. (2009). Educational politics of Obama and Duncan - progressive American democrats Pobrano z: http://www.pdamerica.org/articles/news/2009-08-25-10-20-58-news.ph
Whitford, B.L., Gaus, D.M. (1995). With a little help from their friends. Teachers making change at Wheeler School. W: A. Lieberman (Ed.), The work of restructuring schools: Building from the ground up. New York: Teachers College Press.
Wilson, B.L., Rossman, G.B. (1993). Mandating academic excellence. High school responses to state curriculum reform. New York: Teachers College Press.
Wong Chic, K.K. (2001). Integrated governance in Chicago and Birmingham.W: M.C. Wang, H.J. Walberg (Eds.), Schools choice or best systems: what improves education? Mahwah, NY: LawranceErlbam.