Main Article Content
Abstract
Shaping students? soft competences is unusually important due to the current situation on the labour market. Communication skills and the ability of cooperation in a team are one of the most important skills to which the employers pay attention during recruitment processes of higher education graduates. At the same time it is known that people with different personality features work differently in a group and they differently communicate in a failure situation. As the researchers notice the growth of narcissism? Among young people, it is worth checking how people, who have a different level of this feature, communicate, depending on a given situation. In order to do so a research was conducted, which checkedwhether people of a high and low narcissism level differ from one another in the way of formulating feedback in a difficult situation, depending on the length of cooperation perspective with another person.The achieved results allow to draw a conclusion that the situation variable may have bigger impact on theway of formulating such an utterance than the personality feature, namely narcissism.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- ANDREWS J., HIGSON H., 2008, Graduate employability, “soft skills” versus “hard” business knowledge: A European study, Higher Education in Europe, 33(4).
- ATLAS G.D., THEM M.A., 2008, Narcissism and sensitivity to criticism: A preliminary investigation,Current Psychology, 27(1).
- BAUMEISTER R.F., HEATHERTON T.F., TICE D.M., 2000, Utrata kontroli: jak i dlaczego tracimy zdolność samoregulacji, PARPA, Warszawa.
- BAZIŃSKA R., DRAT-RUSZCZAK K., 2000, Struktura narcyzmu w polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza NPI Ruskina i Halla, Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 6(3–4).
- BAZIŃSKA R., DRAT-RUSZCZAK K., PAŁUCHA M., 2004, Preferowanie sprawności i ignorowanie moralności jako wyraz narcystycznej regulacji obrazu Ja, Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 2.
- BROWN A.A., FREIS S.D., CARROLL P.J., ARKIN R.M., 2016, Perceived agency mediates the link betweenthe narcissistic subtypes and self-esteem, Personality and Individual Differences, 90.
- BUSHMAN B.J., BAUMEISTER R.F., 1998, Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct anddisplaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1).
- CAMPBELL W.K., BRUNELL A.B., FINKEL E.J., 2006, Narcissism, interpersonal self-regulation, and ro-mantic relationships: An agency model approach, [in:] K.D. Vohs, E.J. Finkel (eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes, Guilford Press, New York.
- CICCHETTI D.V., 1994, Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardizedassessment instruments in psychology, Psychological Assessment, 6(4).
- CLARK M.A., LELCHOOK A.M., TAYLOR M.L., 2010, Beyond the Big Five: How narcissism, perfectionism, and dispositional affect relate to workaholism, Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7).
- DELIČ L., NOVAK P., KOVAČIČ J., AVSEC A., 2011, Self-reported emotional and social intelligence andempathy as distinctive predictors of narcissism, Psychological Topics, 20(3).
- EXLINE J.J., BAUMEISTER R.F., BUSHMAN B.J., CAMPBELL W.K., FINKEL E.J., 2004, Too proud to let go: narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6).
- FERRIDAY C., VARTANIAN O., MANDEL D.R., 2011, Public but not private ego threat triggers aggressionin narcissists, European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(5).
- GARSTKA T., 2016, Psychopedagogiczne mity. Jak zachować naukowy sceptycyzm w edukacji i wychowaniu, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa.
- HACKMAN J.R., 1980, Work redesign and motivation, Professional Psychology, 11(3).
- HART W., ADAMS J.M., BURTON K.A., 2016, Narcissistic for the people: Narcissists and non-narcissistsdisagree about how to make a good impression, Personality and Individual Differences, 91.
- HATTIE J., 2015, The applicability of Visible Learning to higher education, Scholarship of Teaching andLearning in Psychology, 1(1).
- HIRSHI A., JAENSCH V.K., 2015, Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators, Personality and Individual Differences, 77.
- HOYLE R.H., DAVISSON E.K., 2016, Varieties of self-control and their personality correlates, [in:] K.D. Vohs,R.F. Baumeister (eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, GuilfordPublications. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN, 5 lutego 2018, Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego: kompetencje miękkie,Pobrano z: http://www.wsjp.pl/index.php?id_hasla=57751.
- JONASON P.K., TOST J., 2010, I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control, Personalityand Individual Differences, 49(6).
- KWIECIŃSKA-ZDRENKA M., 2013, Raport z badania „Zapotrzebowanie pracodawców na tzw. kompetencje miękkie absolwentów kierunków ścisłych”, Biuro Karier UMK, Toruń.
- LAKEY C.E., ROSE P., CAMPBELL W.K., GOODIE A.S., 2008, Probing the link between narcissism andgambling: The mediating role of judgment and decision -making biases, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21.
- LUCHNER A.F., HOUSTON J.M., WALKER C., HOUSTON M.A., 2011, Exploring the relationship betweentwo forms of narcissism and competitiveness, Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6).MARSHALL T.C., LEFRINGHAUSEN K., FERENCZI N., 2015, The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism aspredictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates, Personality and IndividualDifferences, 85.
- MARTINEZ M.A., ZEICHNER A., REIDY D.E., MILLER J.D., 2008, Narcissism and displaced aggression:Effects of positive, negative, and delayed feedback, Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1).
- MILLER J.D., CAMPBELL W.K., YOUNG D.L., LAKEY C.E., REIDY D.E., ZEICHNER A., GOODIE A.S., 2009,Examining the relations among narcissism, impulsivity, and self‐defeating behaviors, Journal of Per-sonality, 77(3).
- MISCHEL W., SHODA Y., PEAKE P.K., 1988, The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by pre-school delay of gratification, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4).
- MISCHEL W., SHODA Y., RODRIGUEZ M.L., 1989, Delay of gratification in children, Science, 244(4907).
- MORF C.C., RHODEWALT F., 2001, Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatoryprocessing model, Psychological Inquiry, 12(4).
- MORGESON F.P., REIDER M.H., CAMPION M.A., 2005, Selecting individuals in team settings: The importanceof social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge, Personnel Psychology, 58(3).
- PAULHUS D.L., 1998, Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixedblessing?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5).RASKIN R.N., HALL C.S., 1979, A Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Psychological Reports, 45.
- RASKIN R.N., HALL C.S., 1981, The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability andfurther evidence of construct validity, Journal of Personality Assessment, 45(2).
- RAUTHMANN J.F., KOLAR G.P., 2013, Positioning the Dark Triad in the interpersonal circumplex: Thefriendly-dominant narcissist, hostile-submissive Machiavellian, and hostile-dominant psychopath?,Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5).
- REIDY D.E., ZEICHNER A., FOSTER J.D., MARTINEZ M.A., 2008, Effects of narcissistic entitlement andexploitativeness on human physical aggression, Personality and Individual Differences, 44(4).ROSENTHAL S.A., PITTINSKY T.L., 2006, Narcissistic leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6).
- SHROUT P.E., FLEISS J.L., 1979, Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability, Psychologicalbulletin, 86(2).TWENGE J.M., CAMPBELL W.K., 2009, The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement, Simonand Schuster.
- TWENGE J.M, FOSTER J.D., 2008, Mapping the scale of the narcissism epidemic: Increases in narcissism2002–2007 within ethnic groups, Journal of Research in Personality, 42.VAZIRE S., FUNDER D.C., 2006, Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists, Personalityand Social Psychology Review, 10(2).
- VERNON P.A., VILLANI V.C., VICKERS L.C., HARRIS J.A., 2008, A behavioral genetic investigation of theDark Triad and the Big 5, Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2).
- WALLACE H.M., READY C.B., WEITENHAGEN E., 2009, Narcissism and task persistence, Self and Identity, 8(1).
- WATSON P.J., MORRIS R.J., 1991, Narcissism, empathy and social desirability, Personality and IndividualDifferences, 12(6).
- WETZEL E., BROWN A., HILL P.L., CHUNG J.M., ROBINS R.W., ROBERTS B.W., 2017, The narcissism epidemic is dead; long live the narcissism epidemic, Psychological Science, 28(12).
References
AMES D.R., ROSE P., ANDERSON C.P., 2006, The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism, Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4).
ANDREWS J., HIGSON H., 2008, Graduate employability, “soft skills” versus “hard” business knowledge: A European study, Higher Education in Europe, 33(4).
ATLAS G.D., THEM M.A., 2008, Narcissism and sensitivity to criticism: A preliminary investigation,Current Psychology, 27(1).
BAUMEISTER R.F., HEATHERTON T.F., TICE D.M., 2000, Utrata kontroli: jak i dlaczego tracimy zdolność samoregulacji, PARPA, Warszawa.
BAZIŃSKA R., DRAT-RUSZCZAK K., 2000, Struktura narcyzmu w polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza NPI Ruskina i Halla, Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 6(3–4).
BAZIŃSKA R., DRAT-RUSZCZAK K., PAŁUCHA M., 2004, Preferowanie sprawności i ignorowanie moralności jako wyraz narcystycznej regulacji obrazu Ja, Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 2.
BROWN A.A., FREIS S.D., CARROLL P.J., ARKIN R.M., 2016, Perceived agency mediates the link betweenthe narcissistic subtypes and self-esteem, Personality and Individual Differences, 90.
BUSHMAN B.J., BAUMEISTER R.F., 1998, Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct anddisplaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1).
CAMPBELL W.K., BRUNELL A.B., FINKEL E.J., 2006, Narcissism, interpersonal self-regulation, and ro-mantic relationships: An agency model approach, [in:] K.D. Vohs, E.J. Finkel (eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes, Guilford Press, New York.
CICCHETTI D.V., 1994, Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardizedassessment instruments in psychology, Psychological Assessment, 6(4).
CLARK M.A., LELCHOOK A.M., TAYLOR M.L., 2010, Beyond the Big Five: How narcissism, perfectionism, and dispositional affect relate to workaholism, Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7).
DELIČ L., NOVAK P., KOVAČIČ J., AVSEC A., 2011, Self-reported emotional and social intelligence andempathy as distinctive predictors of narcissism, Psychological Topics, 20(3).
EXLINE J.J., BAUMEISTER R.F., BUSHMAN B.J., CAMPBELL W.K., FINKEL E.J., 2004, Too proud to let go: narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6).
FERRIDAY C., VARTANIAN O., MANDEL D.R., 2011, Public but not private ego threat triggers aggressionin narcissists, European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(5).
GARSTKA T., 2016, Psychopedagogiczne mity. Jak zachować naukowy sceptycyzm w edukacji i wychowaniu, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa.
HACKMAN J.R., 1980, Work redesign and motivation, Professional Psychology, 11(3).
HART W., ADAMS J.M., BURTON K.A., 2016, Narcissistic for the people: Narcissists and non-narcissistsdisagree about how to make a good impression, Personality and Individual Differences, 91.
HATTIE J., 2015, The applicability of Visible Learning to higher education, Scholarship of Teaching andLearning in Psychology, 1(1).
HIRSHI A., JAENSCH V.K., 2015, Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators, Personality and Individual Differences, 77.
HOYLE R.H., DAVISSON E.K., 2016, Varieties of self-control and their personality correlates, [in:] K.D. Vohs,R.F. Baumeister (eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications, GuilfordPublications. Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN, 5 lutego 2018, Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego: kompetencje miękkie,Pobrano z: http://www.wsjp.pl/index.php?id_hasla=57751.
JONASON P.K., TOST J., 2010, I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control, Personalityand Individual Differences, 49(6).
KWIECIŃSKA-ZDRENKA M., 2013, Raport z badania „Zapotrzebowanie pracodawców na tzw. kompetencje miękkie absolwentów kierunków ścisłych”, Biuro Karier UMK, Toruń.
LAKEY C.E., ROSE P., CAMPBELL W.K., GOODIE A.S., 2008, Probing the link between narcissism andgambling: The mediating role of judgment and decision -making biases, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21.
LUCHNER A.F., HOUSTON J.M., WALKER C., HOUSTON M.A., 2011, Exploring the relationship betweentwo forms of narcissism and competitiveness, Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6).MARSHALL T.C., LEFRINGHAUSEN K., FERENCZI N., 2015, The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism aspredictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates, Personality and IndividualDifferences, 85.
MARTINEZ M.A., ZEICHNER A., REIDY D.E., MILLER J.D., 2008, Narcissism and displaced aggression:Effects of positive, negative, and delayed feedback, Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1).
MILLER J.D., CAMPBELL W.K., YOUNG D.L., LAKEY C.E., REIDY D.E., ZEICHNER A., GOODIE A.S., 2009,Examining the relations among narcissism, impulsivity, and self‐defeating behaviors, Journal of Per-sonality, 77(3).
MISCHEL W., SHODA Y., PEAKE P.K., 1988, The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by pre-school delay of gratification, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4).
MISCHEL W., SHODA Y., RODRIGUEZ M.L., 1989, Delay of gratification in children, Science, 244(4907).
MORF C.C., RHODEWALT F., 2001, Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatoryprocessing model, Psychological Inquiry, 12(4).
MORGESON F.P., REIDER M.H., CAMPION M.A., 2005, Selecting individuals in team settings: The importanceof social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge, Personnel Psychology, 58(3).
PAULHUS D.L., 1998, Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixedblessing?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5).RASKIN R.N., HALL C.S., 1979, A Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Psychological Reports, 45.
RASKIN R.N., HALL C.S., 1981, The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability andfurther evidence of construct validity, Journal of Personality Assessment, 45(2).
RAUTHMANN J.F., KOLAR G.P., 2013, Positioning the Dark Triad in the interpersonal circumplex: Thefriendly-dominant narcissist, hostile-submissive Machiavellian, and hostile-dominant psychopath?,Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5).
REIDY D.E., ZEICHNER A., FOSTER J.D., MARTINEZ M.A., 2008, Effects of narcissistic entitlement andexploitativeness on human physical aggression, Personality and Individual Differences, 44(4).ROSENTHAL S.A., PITTINSKY T.L., 2006, Narcissistic leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6).
SHROUT P.E., FLEISS J.L., 1979, Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability, Psychologicalbulletin, 86(2).TWENGE J.M., CAMPBELL W.K., 2009, The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement, Simonand Schuster.
TWENGE J.M, FOSTER J.D., 2008, Mapping the scale of the narcissism epidemic: Increases in narcissism2002–2007 within ethnic groups, Journal of Research in Personality, 42.VAZIRE S., FUNDER D.C., 2006, Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists, Personalityand Social Psychology Review, 10(2).
VERNON P.A., VILLANI V.C., VICKERS L.C., HARRIS J.A., 2008, A behavioral genetic investigation of theDark Triad and the Big 5, Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2).
WALLACE H.M., READY C.B., WEITENHAGEN E., 2009, Narcissism and task persistence, Self and Identity, 8(1).
WATSON P.J., MORRIS R.J., 1991, Narcissism, empathy and social desirability, Personality and IndividualDifferences, 12(6).
WETZEL E., BROWN A., HILL P.L., CHUNG J.M., ROBINS R.W., ROBERTS B.W., 2017, The narcissism epidemic is dead; long live the narcissism epidemic, Psychological Science, 28(12).